Étude 1 sur 26 · Pourquoi et comment Luc a-t-il écrit son Évangile ?

  1. Study 1: Why and how did Luke write his Gospel?
  2. Study 2: Jesus the Messiah, the Word made flesh, and John the Baptist, the Forerunner
  3. Étude 3 : Le troisième songe de Joseph
  4. Étude 4 : L'accomplissement de la prophétie d'Esaïe
  5. Étude 5 : Nombreuses guérisons en Galilée
  6. Étude 6 : Introduction générale au livre de Daniel
  7. Étude 7 : La quatrième plaie : les mouches venimeuses
  8. Étude 8 : Guérison d'un homme muet possédé par un démon
  9. Étude 9 : Guérison de la femme hémorroïsse
  10. Étude 10 : L'incroyable odyssée de la transmission de la Bible
  11. Étude 11 : La Rédaction et la Compilation des textes de l’Ancien Testament
  12. Étude 12 : Les manuscrits de la Mer Morte
  13. Étude 13 : Daniel 11 – Les guerres des rois et le temps de la fin (Version pédagogique)
  14. Étude 14 : Les Pharisiens ou les Scribes
  15. Étude 15 : Les Actes des Apôtres
  16. Étude 16 : Les pharisiens
  17. Étude 17 : Les romains
  18. Étude 18 : Le nom imprononçable de Dieu
  19. Étude 19 : Le pays de Canaan
  20. Étude 20 : Le moine Denys le Petit
  21. Étude 21 : Le synode de Jamna
  22. Étude 22 : YHWH
  23. Étude 23 : La source Deutéronomiste
  24. Étude 24 : Le Tanakh
  25. Étude 25 : La tradition prophétique juive
  26. Étude 26 : La catastrophe du funiculaire de Gloria

The life of Jesus up to the age of 12

  • PER001 Why and how did Luke write his Gospel?

    This article details Luke’s reasons and method for writing his Gospel, highlighting his careful, historical approach to compiling reliable accounts of the life of Jesus.

    Luke 1.1-4 (King James Version) :
    Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us,Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word;It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus,That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • Supplementary material
    • ANN001 The Gospel of Luke

      The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles form a two-volume work devoted to the origins of Christianity. Luke was not a witness…

  • PER002 Jesus the Messiah, the Word made flesh, and John the Baptist, the Forerunner

    The article explores how the Gospel of John affirms that Jesus is the Word made flesh and is God, with John the Baptist as his Forerunner. John the apostle aims to demonstrate that Jesus, both the Messiah as king and a divine figure, fulfils Jewish messianic expectations.

    John 3.25-29 (King James Version) :
    Then there arose a question between some of John’s disciples and the Jews about purifying.And they came unto John, and said unto him, Rabbi, he that was with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou barest witness, behold, the same baptizeth, and all men come to him.John answered and said, A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven.Ye yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am not the Christ, but that I am sent before him.He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom’s voice: this my joy therefore is fulfilled.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PER025 Joseph's third dream

    The article ‘PER025 - Joseph's third dream’ recounts a divine revelation in Matthew 2.13-15. Joseph receives the message that he may return from Egypt to Israel after Herod's death, highlighting the family and political dynamics of the return.

    Matthew 2.13-15 (King James Version) :
    And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt:And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

The beginning of the ministry in Galilee

  • PER051 The fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy

    Matthew 4:13–16 reports Jesus’ return to Capernaum in Galilee and interprets it as the fulfilment of Isaiah’s prophecy about light shining in the territories of Zebulun and Naphtali. Matthew, the only evangelist to make this connection, demonstrates that Jesus is indeed the foretold Messiah. John will return to the theme of light in his prologue. This episode is dated to February–March 31.

    Isaiah 9.1 (King James Version) :
    Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations.Noteof the nations: or, populousNotenot: or, to himNoteFor…: or, When thou brakestNoteFor…: or, When the whole battle of the warrior was, etcNotebut…: or, and it was, etcNotefuel: Heb. meat
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

From the second to the third Passover festival

  • PER079 Many healings in Galilee

    Pericope 79 recounts the many healings Jesus performed in Galilee, around Capernaum, in AD 31. Faced with crowds from all over Israel, Jesus heals the sick and proclaims salvation, asking for discretion. Matthew connects these events with the prophecy of Isaiah 42:1–4 and sees a Trinitarian revelation in them. His growing fame contrasts with the increasing opposition of the Pharisees, jealous of his influence on the people.

    Mark 3.7-12 (King James Version) :
    But Jesus withdrew himself with his disciples to the sea: and a great multitude from Galilee followed him, and from Judæa,And from Jerusalem, and from Idumaea, and from beyond Jordan; and they about Tyre and Sidon, a great multitude, when they had heard what great things he did, came unto him.And he spake to his disciples, that a small ship should wait on him because of the multitude, lest they should throng him.For he had healed many; insomuch that they pressed upon him for to touch him, as many as had plagues.And unclean spirits, when they saw him, fell down before him, and cried, saying, Thou art the Son of God.And he straitly charged them that they should not make him known.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Biblical prophecies and the ‘end times’

  • DAN000 General introduction to the book of Daniel

    General introduction to the book of Daniel, a major prophetic text of the Old Testament. This article lays the historical, literary and theological foundations needed to understand this apocalyptic book, addressing its structure, author, main themes and the exegetical debates over its date and reliability.

    Daniel 7.1 (King James Version) :
    In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream and visions of his head upon his bed: then he wrote the dream, and told the sum of the matters.Notehad: Chaldee, sawNotematters: or, wordsNoteand it: or, wherewith itNoteit raised…: or, it raised up one dominion
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Reliability of the Scriptures and other doctrinal topics

  • PLA005 The fourth plague: the swarms of flies

    This article deals with the fourth plague of Egypt, the swarms of flies, and explores the divine distinction between Israel and Egypt. God protects Israel while Pharaoh, unyielding, begins to negotiate.

    Exodus 8.20-32 (King James Version) :
    And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteswarms…: or, a mixture of noisome beasts, etcNotea division: Heb. a redemptionNoteto morrow: or, by to morrowNotecorrupted: or, destroyedElse, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be.And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies.And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land.And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us?We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me.And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD.And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people; there remained not one.And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would he let the people go.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Exorcisms

  • MIR021 Healing of a mute man possessed by a demon

    The miracle in Matthew 9.32-33 describes Jesus healing a mute man, arousing the crowd's amazement. This text highlights Jesus' power over demonic forces.

    Matthew 9.32-33 (King James Version) :
    As they went out, behold, they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil.And when the devil was cast out, the dumb spake: and the multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so seen in Israel.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Healings

  • MIR019 Healing of the woman with the issue of blood

    This article explores the story of a woman suffering from bleeding who was healed through her faith when she touched Jesus' garment. This act reveals Jesus' healing power and compassion towards those who believe in him, as reported in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

    Matthew 9.20-22 (King James Version) :
    And, behold, a woman, which was diseased with an issue of blood twelve years, came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment:For she said within herself, If I may but touch his garment, I shall be whole.But Jesus turned him about, and when he saw her, he said, Daughter, be of good comfort; thy faith hath made thee whole. And the woman was made whole from that hour.
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    Level: Intermediate Audience: Beginners

History of the Bible

  • BIB000 The Incredible Odyssey of the Transmission of the Bible

    This article explores the thousand-year transmission of the Bible, its translations and its cultural impact. It highlights the efforts of many individuals and concludes on the spiritual importance of the Bible.

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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • BIB002 The Writing and Compilation of the Texts of the Old Testament

    This article examines the complex composition of the Old Testament, from oral transmission to written compilation. It covers various sections of the Hebrew Bible, such as the historical books recounting the history of Israel and the poetic books offering reflections on faith. The prophetic texts are also analyzed, highlighting the prophets' calls to repentance. The impact of these texts, at first limited to the Jewish people, is now worldwide.

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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • BIB006 The Dead Sea Scrolls

    The article details the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls near Qumran. Found by a Bedouin in the 1940s, these scrolls revolutionized the understanding of biblical texts. Their release was delayed for political and technical reasons, but these manuscripts shed unique light on ancient texts.

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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

The Revelation of Daniel

Contradictions

  • CTD063 The Pharisees or the Scribes

    This article addresses an apparent biblical contradiction involving the Pharisees and scribes in the Gospels, explaining how these differences reflect the biblical authors' distinct but complementary perspectives on opposition to Jesus.

    Matthew 9.33-34 (King James Version) :
    And when the devil was cast out, the dumb spake: and the multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so seen in Israel.But the Pharisees said, He casteth out devils through the prince of the devils.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Peter's ministry

  • ADA000 The Acts of the Apostles

    Introduction to a series of studies on the Acts of the Apostles, the natural continuation of the Gospel of Luke. The article presents the historical and theological approach adopted: placing events in context, setting them alongside the Pauline epistles, and establishing a chronology. The two central figures, Peter and Paul, will structure the study. The aim is to trace the birth and expansion of the Church from Jerusalem to the Mediterranean world, under the action of the Holy Spirit.

    Acts 2.16-21 (King James Version) :
    But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel;And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams:And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy:And I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke:The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come:And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Historical notes

  • INF002 The Pharisees

    The Pharisees, who appeared after the Maccabean revolt (165 BC), were an influential religious group of ancient Judaism. Devoted to the written and oral Torah, they believed in the resurrection and remained close to the people. Often in conflict with Jesus in the Gospels, they nevertheless produced figures such as Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea. Their teachings founded rabbinic Judaism after the destruction of the Temple in AD 70.

    Acts 23.6 (King James Version) :
    But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question.
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    Level: Easy Audience: Beginners

  • INF004 The Romans

    This article traces Roman rule over Israel from 63 BC to AD 135. It presents the key figures of power at the time of Jesus’ ministry: Pontius Pilate, Herod Antipas and Caiaphas. It mentions the destruction of the Temple in 70 and the transformation of Jerusalem into Aelia Capitolina under Hadrian, providing essential historical context for understanding the Gospels.

    Luke 23.12 (King James Version) :
    And the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together: for before they were at enmity between themselves.
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  • INF010 The unpronounceable name of God

    YHWH, God's proper name in the Hebrew Bible, consists of four Hebrew consonants (the Tetragrammaton). Its exact pronunciation is unknown because ancient Hebrew does not write vowels. Out of respect for the third commandment (Ex 20:7), Jews replace it with 'Adonai' or 'Ha Elohim'. Translated as 'Kyrios' in Greek and then as 'the Eternal' in Protestant Bibles, this name appears nearly 6,800 times in the Old Testament.

    Exodus 20.7 (King James Version) :
    Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.
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    Level: Easy Audience: Beginners

  • INF011 The land of Canaan

    The land of Canaan, corresponding to present-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and parts of Jordan and Syria, is described in the Bible as 'the most beautiful of all lands'. Inhabited by the Canaanites, Amorites, Hittites and Philistines, it is the land promised to the Hebrew people. Two stages, separated by 470 years, mark its conquest: Abraham's arrival, followed by Joshua's conquest after captivity in Egypt and wandering in the wilderness.

    Ezekiel 20.6 (King James Version) :
    In the day that I lifted up mine hand unto them, to bring them forth of the land of Egypt into a land that I had espied for them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands:
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  • INF014 The monk Dionysius Exiguus

    Dionysius Exiguus, a learned fifth-century monk, created the Anno Domini (AD) dating system, which is still used worldwide. He translated Greek canonical texts into Latin and helped unify the Christian calendar, notably the date of Easter. His calculations nevertheless contain inaccuracies, particularly concerning the year of Jesus' birth and the date of 25 December, the latter inherited from the Council of Nicaea (325). His legacy remains fundamental to the history of Christian chronology.

    Luke 2.8-12 (King James Version) :
    And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night.And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid.And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people.For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord.And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • INF030 The Synod of Jamnia

    The Synod of Jamnia (Yavneh), held toward the end of the 1st century AD, marks a major turning point in the history of Judaism. After the destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70, the rabbis gathered under the leadership of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai to reorganize Judaism, debate the Hebrew biblical canon and make crucial liturgical decisions, laying the foundations of rabbinic Judaism centered on the Torah, prayer and the synagogue.

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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • INF038 YHWH

    The article details the tetragrammaton YHWH, the sacred name of God in Judaism, which underscores the uniqueness of God and his relationship with Israel.

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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • INF043 The Deuteronomist Source

    The Deuteronomist source (D) is one of the four hypothetical sources of the Torah according to the documentary hypothesis. Associated with the Book of Deuteronomy, it is distinguished by a homiletic style, a theology of the covenant and an insistence on the centralization of worship in Jerusalem. Dated to the 7th century BC, it is linked to the religious reforms of King Josiah and also influences the historical books from Joshua to 2 Kings.

    1 Samuel 1.1 (King James Version) :
    Now there was a certain man of Ramathaim-zophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite:Noteyearly: Heb. from year to year
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  • INF045 The Tanakh

    The Tanakh is the canon of the sacred Scriptures of Judaism, corresponding to the Christian Old Testament. Its name is an acronym formed from its three sections: Torah (Pentateuch), Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings). Written mainly in Hebrew with a few passages in Aramaic, it forms the theological, moral and liturgical foundation of Judaism and the common roots of the Jewish and Christian traditions.

    Song of Solomon 1.1 (King James Version) :
    The song of songs, which is Solomon’s.
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  • INF063 The Jewish Prophetic Tradition

    The Jewish prophetic tradition rests on the writings and teachings of the prophets, messengers of God chosen to guide the people of Israel. It is characterized by social criticism, the call for justice, the denunciation of idolatry and messages of eschatological hope. The great prophets such as Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel profoundly influenced Jewish theology, biblical literature and universal ethical values.

    Ezekiel 1.1 (King James Version) :
    Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I was among the captives by the river of Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God.Notecaptives: Heb. captivityNoteEzekiel: Heb. Jehezkel
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    Level: Easy Audience: Beginners

Word of a Friend

  • PDA018 The Gloria Funicular Disaster

    The article discusses the Gloria funicular disaster in the light of a similar biblical account, stressing the need for repentance and the importance of the salvation of the soul according to the teachings of Jesus.

    Luke 13.5 (King James Version) :
    I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Further reading
  • ANN003 The birth and ministry of John the Baptist

    This appendix studies the birth and ministry of John the Baptist through the Gospel of Luke. It introduces his parents, Zechariah and…

  • ANN010 The two genealogies of the Messiah Jesus

    The article discusses the genealogies of Jesus in Matthew and Luke, which are essential to establishing his messianic identity. Matthew emphasizes Joseph's royal heritage, while…

  • ANN046 Technical Requirements of Publishing in the First Century

    This appendix explores the technical constraints of first-century publishing that explain certain omissions in the Gospels. Writing on costly papyrus, the Egyptian monopoly…

  • ANN054 The Jews

    Article ANN054 clarifies the terms used to describe the people of Israel: Jew, Israelite, Israeli, Hebrew, and Semite. Each term has a distinct meaning depending on the…

  • ANN072 The miracles performed by Jesus the Messiah

    The article examines Jesus' miracles in the Gospels, their meaning, their reception, and the question of their authenticity. It compares the historical perspective…

  • ANN088 The two anointings of Jesus the Messiah

    The article analyses the anointings of Jesus the Messiah in the Gospels, illustrating the contrast in values between Jesus and Simon the Pharisee. It highlights the…

  • ANN101 The prophetic unfolding of the end times

    This article examines the concept of the end times in the Bible, distinguishing between "the end times" and "the end of the world". It emphasises…

  • ANN102 The signs heralding the return of Jesus the Messiah

    The article "ANN102 - The signs heralding the return of Jesus the Messiah" explores biblical prophecies about Christ's return, without setting the…