Étude 1 sur 25 · Le second songe de Joseph

  1. Étude 1 : Le second songe de Joseph
  2. Étude 2 : Le séjour en Égypte
  3. Étude 3 : Le troisième songe de Joseph
  4. Étude 4 : Le retour à Nazareth
  5. Étude 5 : Les dix plaies d'Egypte
  6. Étude 6 : La confrontation initiale entre Moïse et Pharaon
  7. Étude 7 : La première plaie : l’eau du Nil changée en sang
  8. Étude 8 : La deuxième plaie : l’invasion des grenouilles
  9. Étude 9 : La troisième plaie : les moustiques sortis de la poussière
  10. Étude 10 : La quatrième plaie : les mouches venimeuses
  11. Étude 11 : La cinquième plaie : la mortalité du bétail
  12. Étude 12 : La Sixième Plaie : Les Ulcères
  13. Étude 13 : La Septième plaie : la grêle mêlée de feu
  14. Étude 14 : Le prophète Daniel
  15. Étude 15 : La traduction des Septante
  16. Étude 16 : Le code d'Hammourabi
  17. Étude 17 : Le pays de Canaan
  18. Étude 18 : Le Pentateuque
  19. Étude 19 : Exemples de source Elohiste
  20. Étude 20 : Le Tanakh
  21. Étude 21 : Une genizah
  22. Étude 22 : Le codex Sinaiticus
  23. Étude 23 : Le papyrus Nash
  24. Étude 24 : Le papyrus P52
  25. Étude 25 : Le prophète Daniel

The life of Jesus up to the age of 12

  • PER022 Joseph's second dream

    The article discusses Joseph's second dream, recounted in Matthew (Mt 2:13-15), in which an angel orders him to flee to Egypt with Mary and Jesus. It highlights divine protection and Joseph's crucial role, examining differences between Matthew and Luke and offering historical and theological insights.

    Matthew 2.13-15 (King James Version) :
    And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt:And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PER023 The stay in Egypt

    The article explores the Holy Family's stay in Egypt, highlighting their biblical flight from Herod. Warned in a dream, Joseph leads a difficult journey of approximately 400–500 kilometres. The analysis covers practical matters, the Magi's contribution and the political context, although precise details of the stay remain uncertain.

    Matthew 2.14-15 (King James Version) :
    When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt:And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PER025 Joseph's third dream

    The article ‘PER025 - Joseph's third dream’ recounts a divine revelation in Matthew 2.13-15. Joseph receives the message that he may return from Egypt to Israel after Herod's death, highlighting the family and political dynamics of the return.

    Matthew 2.13-15 (King James Version) :
    And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt:And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PER027 The return to Nazareth

    The article analyses Jesus' return to Nazareth, contrasting Matthew's and Luke's accounts and their distinct aims. Matthew, addressing Jews, mentions the stay in Egypt to highlight a prophecy, whereas Luke omits it, aiming instead at a non-Jewish audience.

    Matthew 2.13-15 (King James Version) :
    And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt:And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Reliability of the Scriptures and other doctrinal topics

  • PLA000 Les dix plaies d'Egypte

    L'article 'Les dix plaies d'Égypte' analyse ces événements bibliques comme une révélation progressive de Dieu en tant que juge et libérateur, établissant des parallèles avec l'Apocalypse de Jean. Le peuple hébreu, opprimé en Égypte, voit en Moïse, accompagné d'Aaron, l'instrument divin de sa libération malgré le refus tenace de Pharaon.

    Exodus 7-11 (King James Version) :
    And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land.And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from among them.And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they.And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh.And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying,When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent.And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent.Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods.And he hardened Pharaoh’s heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh’s heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river’s brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear.Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone.Notepools…: Heb. gathering of their watersAnd Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said.And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also.And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Notekneadingtroughs: or, doughAnd if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs:And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs:And the frogs shall come up both on thee, and upon thy people, and upon all thy servants.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine hand with thy rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon the land of Egypt.And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt.Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, Intreat the LORD, that he may take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may do sacrifice unto the LORD.NoteGlory…: or, Have this honour over me, etcNotewhen: or, against whenNoteto destroy: Heb. to cut offNoteTo morrow: or, Against to morrowAnd Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory over me: when shall I intreat for thee, and for thy servants, and for thy people, to destroy the frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may remain in the river only?And he said, To morrow. And he said, Be it according to thy word: that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD our God.And the frogs shall depart from thee, and from thy houses, and from thy servants, and from thy people; they shall remain in the river only.And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank.But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast.Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteswarms…: or, a mixture of noisome beasts, etcNotea division: Heb. a redemptionNoteto morrow: or, by to morrowNotecorrupted: or, destroyedElse, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be.And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies.And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land.And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us?We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me.And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD.And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people; there remained not one.And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would he let the people go.Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still,Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the children’s of Israel.And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land.And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one.And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go.And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh.And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt.And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast.And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians.And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteraised…: Heb. made thee standNoteregarded…: Heb. set not his heart untoFor I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth.For now I will stretch out my hand, that I may smite thee and thy people with pestilence; and thou shalt be cut off from the earth.And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt not let them go?Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die.He that feared the word of the LORD among the servants of Pharaoh made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses:And he that regarded not the word of the LORD left his servants and his cattle in the field.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field.Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.Notemighty…: Heb. voices of GodNotenot grown…: Heb. hidden or, darkNoteby Moses: Heb. by the hand of MosesIntreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD’s.But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear the LORD God.And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not grown up.And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth.And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses.And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him:Noteface: Heb. eyeNotewho…: Heb. who and who, etcAnd that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son’s son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD.And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me.Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast:And they shall cover the face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field:And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy fathers, nor thy fathers’ fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh.And Pharaoh’s servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are they that shall go?And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto the LORD.And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you.Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD; for that ye did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left.And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt.Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.Notecalled: Heb. hastened to callNotecast: Heb. fastenedNow therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only.And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt.But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.Noteeven…: Heb. that one may feel darknessAnd Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days:They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones also go with you.Noteus: Heb. into our handsAnd Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God.Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD our God; and we know not with what we must serve the LORD, until we come thither.But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go.And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou shalt die.And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.And the LORD said unto Moses, Yet will I bring one plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt; afterwards he will let you go hence: when he shall let you go, he shall surely thrust you out hence altogether.Speak now in the ears of the people, and let every man borrow of his neighbour, and every woman of her neighbour, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold.And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh’s servants, and in the sight of the people.And Moses said, Thus saith the LORD, About midnight will I go out into the midst of Egypt:Notethat follow…: Heb. that is at thy feetNotea great…: Heb. heat of angerAnd all the firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sitteth upon his throne, even unto the firstborn of the maidservant that is behind the mill; and all the firstborn of beasts.And there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt, such as there was none like it, nor shall be like it any more.But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move his tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel.And all these thy servants shall come down unto me, and bow down themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that follow thee: and after that I will go out. And he went out from Pharaoh in a great anger.And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you; that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.And Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh: and the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go out of his land.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PLA001 The Initial Confrontation Between Moses and Pharaoh

    L'article examine comment la première confrontation entre Moïse et Pharaon, avant les dix plaies, symbolise un choc de souverainetés entre Yahvé et les divinités égyptiennes. Moïse défie l'autorité de Pharaon, révélant ainsi une lutte pour la reconnaissance divine et posant les bases du jugement à venir. Cette rencontre met en lumière le processus divin de rédemption initié par la parole, et souligne l'asymétrie de la puissance divine face aux prétentions humaines.

    Exodus 7.1-13 (King James Version) :
    And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land.And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from among them.And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they.And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh.And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying,When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent.And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent.Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods.And he hardened Pharaoh’s heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PLA002 The First Plague: The Water of the Nile Turned to Blood

    La première plaie d'Égypte transforme le Nil en sang, marquant une rupture dans l'Exode. Ce signe divin illustre la souveraineté de Dieu, la fragilité des idoles égyptiennes, et appelle à la repentance. Il met en lumière la dynamique de renversement orchestrée par Dieu contre Pharaon et ses croyances.

    Exodus 7.14-24 (King James Version) :
    And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh’s heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river’s brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear.Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river.And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone.Notepools…: Heb. gathering of their watersAnd Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said.And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also.And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PLA003 The Second Plague: The Invasion of the Frogs

    L'article analyse la deuxième plaie d'Égypte, l'invasion des grenouilles. Ce signe attaque un symbole religieux égyptien majeur et commence à entamer l'orgueil de Pharaon, illustrant la pédagogie divine et la progression de l'œuvre de libération d'Israël.

    Exodus 7.25-29 (King James Version) :
    And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river.
    King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org
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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

  • PLA004 The third plague: mosquitoes that emerged from the dust

    Cet article explore la troisième plaie d'Égypte, où la poussière se transforme en moustiques, soulignant un tournant stratégique divin sans avertissement préalable à Pharaon, mettant en avant la puissance souveraine de Dieu.

    Exodus 8.12-15 (King James Version) :
    And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh.And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank.But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.
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  • PLA005 La quatrième plaie : les mouches venimeuses

    Cet article traite de la quatrième plaie d'Égypte, les mouches venimeuses, et explore la distinction divine entre Israël et l'Égypte. Dieu protège Israël tandis que Pharaon, inflexible, commence à négocier.

    Exodus 8.16-28 (King James Version) :
    And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt.And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast.Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.Noteswarms…: or, a mixture of noisome beasts, etcNotea division: Heb. a redemptionNoteto morrow: or, by to morrowNotecorrupted: or, destroyedElse, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be.And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies.And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land.And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us?We will go three days’ journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me.
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  • PLA006 La cinquième plaie : la mortalité du bétail

    La cinquième plaie d'Égypte, abordée dans cet article, démontre la puissance divine par la mortalité du bétail, un pilier de l'économie. Elle souligne la distinction entre Israël et l'Égypte, malgré l'endurcissement de Pharaon. Ce jugement amplifie la démonstration de souveraineté de Dieu, tout en épargnant les troupeaux des Israélites.

    Exodus 9.1-4 (King James Version) :
    Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still,Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the children’s of Israel.
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  • PLA007 The Sixth Plague: Boils

    La sixième plaie d'Égypte marque un tournant majeur dans l'Exode. Dieu frappe directement les Égyptiens avec des ulcères, révélant l'effondrement des pouvoirs égyptiens et illustrant sa fidélité envers les Hébreux. Ce geste symbolique renverse les outils d'oppression en instruments de justice, préparant ainsi la délivrance à venir.

    Exodus 9.8-11 (King James Version) :
    And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh.And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt.And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast.And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians.
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  • PLA008 La Septième plaie : la grêle mêlée de feu

    Cet article explore la septième plaie d'Égypte, la grêle mêlée de feu, soulignant l'escalade du conflit entre Dieu et Pharaon. En décrivant la destruction étendue causée par cette plaie, le texte examine le message divin sur la justice divine et la possibilité de salut. Cette analyse met en lumière les différents comportements des Égyptiens face à cette manifestation de puissance divine.

    Exodus 9.27-30 (King James Version) :
    And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.Notemighty…: Heb. voices of GodNotenot grown…: Heb. hidden or, darkNoteby Moses: Heb. by the hand of MosesIntreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD’s.But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear the LORD God.
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Chronology

  • CHR001 The prophet Daniel

    The article examines the figure of the prophet Daniel in a series of chronological studies on the life of Jesus. It focuses on Daniel’s prophecy of the seventy weeks and discusses its historical and interpretive implications, while also exploring the context of the reign of King Josiah.

    2 Chronicles 35.20-24 (King James Version) :
    After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Necho king of Egypt came up to fight against Carchemish by Euphrates: and Josiah went out against him.Notetemple: Heb. houseNotethe house…: Heb. the house of my warNotewounded: Heb. made sickNotein one…: or, among the sepulchresBut he sent ambassadors to him, saying, What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? I come not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war: for God commanded me to make haste: forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that he destroy thee not.Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him, but disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and hearkened not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God, and came to fight in the valley of Megiddo.And the archers shot at king Josiah; and the king said to his servants, Have me away; for I am sore wounded.His servants therefore took him out of that chariot, and put him in the second chariot that he had; and they brought him to Jerusalem, and he died, and was buried in one of the sepulchres of his fathers. And all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah.
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History of the Bible

  • BIB004 The Translation of the Septuagint

    The article deals with the translation of the Septuagint, a Greek version of the Hebrew Bible made in the 3rd century BC for Greek-speaking Jews. Produced in Alexandria, the Septuagint greatly influenced the first Christians. It includes various biblical books and was initiated by King Ptolemy II.

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    Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

Historical notes

  • INF008 The Code of Hammurabi

    The Code of Hammurabi allowed a barren woman to offer her servant to her husband to secure descendants, the child being recognized as legitimate. This practice, widespread in the ancient Near East, was not prescribed in the Law of Moses. It sheds light on Sarah's gesture in offering Hagar to Abraham, an act that was culturally acceptable but contrary to the specific divine promise made to Abraham concerning his descendants.

    Genesis 16.1-4 (King James Version) :
    Now Sarai Abram’s wife bare him no children: and she had an handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.Noteobtain…: Heb. be built by herAnd Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the LORD hath restrained me from bearing: I pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that I may obtain children by her. And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai.And Sarai Abram’s wife took Hagar her maid the Egyptian, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife.And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived: and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.Noteas…: Heb. that which is good in thine eyesNotedealt…: Heb. afflicted her
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  • INF011 The land of Canaan

    The land of Canaan, corresponding to present-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and parts of Jordan and Syria, is described in the Bible as 'the most beautiful of all lands'. Inhabited by the Canaanites, Amorites, Hittites and Philistines, it is the land promised to the Hebrew people. Two stages, separated by 470 years, mark its conquest: Abraham's arrival, followed by Joshua's conquest after captivity in Egypt and wandering in the wilderness.

    Ezekiel 20.6 (King James Version) :
    In the day that I lifted up mine hand unto them, to bring them forth of the land of Egypt into a land that I had espied for them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands:
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  • INF032 The Pentateuch

    The Pentateuch, made up of the first five books of the Bible, is essential to the Jewish and Christian traditions. It recounts the creation and the liberation of the Hebrews under Moses, and contains foundational laws and narratives.

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    Level: Intermediate Public : Debutant|Intermediaire

  • INF035 Examples of the Elohist source

    The article examines the biblical passages often attributed to the Elohist source, which uses the divine name Elohim and presents God appearing in dreams. It covers accounts such as those of Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and Moses, detailing their distinctive elements.

    Genesis 31.1-55 (King James Version) :
    And he heard the words of Laban’s sons, saying, Jacob hath taken away all that was our father’s; and of that which was our father’s hath he gotten all this glory.Noteas before: Heb. as yesterday and the day beforeNoterams: or, he goatsAnd Jacob beheld the countenance of Laban, and, behold, it was not toward him as before.And the LORD said unto Jacob, Return unto the land of thy fathers, and to thy kindred; and I will be with thee.And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field unto his flock,And said unto them, I see your father’s countenance, that it is not toward me as before; but the God of my father hath been with me.And ye know that with all my power I have served your father.And your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages ten times; but God suffered him not to hurt me.If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages; then all the cattle bare speckled: and if he said thus, The ringstraked shall be thy hire; then bare all the cattle ringstraked.Thus God hath taken away the cattle of your father, and given them to me.And it came to pass at the time that the cattle conceived, that I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the rams which leaped upon the cattle were ringstraked, speckled, and grisled.And the angel of God spake unto me in a dream, saying, Jacob: And I said, Here am I.And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the rams which leap upon the cattle are ringstraked, speckled, and grisled: for I have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee.I am the God of Beth-el, where thou anointedst the pillar, and where thou vowedst a vow unto me: now arise, get thee out from this land, and return unto the land of thy kindred.And Rachel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father’s house?Are we not counted of him strangers? for he hath sold us, and hath quite devoured also our money.For all the riches which God hath taken from our father, that is ours, and our children’s: now then, whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do.Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives upon camels;Noteimages: Heb. teraphimNoteunawares…: Heb. the heart of LabanNoteeither…: Heb. from good to badAnd he carried away all his cattle, and all his goods which he had gotten, the cattle of his getting, which he had gotten in Padan-aram, for to go to Isaac his father in the land of Canaan.And Laban went to shear his sheep: and Rachel had stolen the images that were her father’s.And Jacob stole away unawares to Laban the Syrian, in that he told him not that he fled.So he fled with all that he had; and he rose up, and passed over the river, and set his face toward the mount Gilead.And it was told Laban on the third day that Jacob was fled.And he took his brethren with him, and pursued after him seven days’ journey; and they overtook him in the mount Gilead.And God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream by night, and said unto him, Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.Then Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the mount: and Laban with his brethren pitched in the mount of Gilead.Notesteal…: Heb. hast stolen meNotesearched: Heb. feltAnd Laban said to Jacob, What hast thou done, that thou hast stolen away unawares to me, and carried away my daughters, as captives taken with the sword?Wherefore didst thou flee away secretly, and steal away from me; and didst not tell me, that I might have sent thee away with mirth, and with songs, with tabret, and with harp?And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my daughters? thou hast now done foolishly in so doing.It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt: but the God of your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take thou heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because thou sore longedst after thy father’s house, yet wherefore hast thou stolen my gods?And Jacob answered and said to Laban, Because I was afraid: for I said, Peradventure thou wouldest take by force thy daughters from me.With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, let him not live: before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and take it to thee. For Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them.And Laban went into Jacob’s tent, and into Leah’s tent, and into the two maidservants’ tents; but he found them not. Then went he out of Leah’s tent, and entered into Rachel’s tent.Now Rachel had taken the images, and put them in the camel’s furniture, and sat upon them. And Laban searched all the tent, but found them not.And she said to her father, Let it not displease my lord that I cannot rise up before thee; for the custom of women is upon me. And he searched, but found not the images.And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered and said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast so hotly pursued after me?Notesearched: Heb. feltWhereas thou hast searched all my stuff, what hast thou found of all thy household stuff? set it here before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us both.This twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten.That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee; I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it, whether stolen by day, or stolen by night.Thus I was; in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by night; and my sleep departed from mine eyes.Thus have I been twenty years in thy house; I served thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, and six years for thy cattle: and thou hast changed my wages ten times.Except the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac, had been with me, surely thou hadst sent me away now empty. God hath seen mine affliction and the labour of my hands, and rebuked thee yesternight.And Laban answered and said unto Jacob, These daughters are my daughters, and these children are my children, and these cattle are my cattle, and all that thou seest is mine: and what can I do this day unto these my daughters, or unto their children which they have born?NoteJegar-sahadutha: that is, The heap of witness, ChaldeeNoteGaleed: that is, The heap of witness, Heb.NoteMizpah: that is, A beacon, or, watchtowerNoteoffered…: or, killed beastsNow therefore come thou, let us make a covenant, I and thou; and let it be for a witness between me and thee.And Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar.And Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took stones, and made an heap: and they did eat there upon the heap.And Laban called it Jegar-sahadutha: but Jacob called it Galeed.And Laban said, This heap is a witness between me and thee this day. Therefore was the name of it called Galeed;And Mizpah; for he said, The LORD watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another.If thou shalt afflict my daughters, or if thou shalt take other wives beside my daughters, no man is with us; see, God is witness betwixt me and thee.And Laban said to Jacob, Behold this heap, and behold this pillar, which I have cast betwixt me and thee;This heap be witness, and this pillar be witness, that I will not pass over this heap to thee, and that thou shalt not pass over this heap and this pillar unto me, for harm.The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge betwixt us. And Jacob sware by the fear of his father Isaac.Then Jacob offered sacrifice upon the mount, and called his brethren to eat bread: and they did eat bread, and tarried all night in the mount.And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned unto his place.
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  • INF045 The Tanakh

    The Tanakh is the canon of the sacred Scriptures of Judaism, corresponding to the Christian Old Testament. Its name is an acronym formed from its three sections: Torah (Pentateuch), Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings). Written mainly in Hebrew with a few passages in Aramaic, it forms the theological, moral and liturgical foundation of Judaism and the common roots of the Jewish and Christian traditions.

    Hosea 1.1 (King James Version) :
    The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea, the son of Beeri, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel.
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  • INF047 A Genizah

    A genizah is a space set aside in a synagogue to temporarily store Jewish sacred documents and objects that have become unusable. These objects, such as Torah scrolls or prayer books, are then buried in a cemetery. The Cairo Genizah, discovered in the 19th century in the Ben Ezra Synagogue, is the most famous, containing hundreds of thousands of document fragments covering more than a thousand years of Jewish history.

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  • INF048 The Codex Sinaiticus

    The Codex Sinaiticus is a Greek biblical manuscript dating from the 4th century, discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai by Tischendorf in 1844. It contains the entire New Testament, a large part of the Old Testament in Greek (Septuagint), as well as the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas. An Alexandrian-type text, it is crucial for textual criticism. Divided among the British Library, Saint Petersburg, Leipzig and Sinai, it is fully digitized and can be consulted online.

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  • INF060 The Nash Papyrus

    The Nash Papyrus is a set of four Hebrew papyrus fragments dating from about 150 to 100 BC, acquired in Egypt in 1898 and kept in Cambridge. It contains the Ten Commandments, combining Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, as well as the beginning of the Shema Israel. Before the Qumran manuscripts, it was the oldest known Hebrew biblical manuscript, and it remains a valuable witness to the transmission of the Scriptures.

    Deuteronomy 6.4-5 (King James Version) :
    Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD:Noteteach: Heb. whet, or, sharpenNotebondage: Heb. bondmen or, servantsAnd thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.
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  • INF061 The P52 papyrus

    Papyrus P52 is the oldest known fragment of the New Testament, containing verses from John 18. Discovered in Egypt in the early 20th century by Oxford scholars, it was acquired in 1920 for the John Rylands Library in Manchester. Identified in 1935 by Colin Henderson Roberts, this 9x6 cm fragment is dated on paleographic grounds to the first half of the 2nd century. Its discovery confirms the rapid spread and faithful transmission of the Gospels.

    John 18.37-38 (King James Version) :
    Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice.Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all.
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Renseignements complémentaires

  • CHA005 The prophet Daniel

    L'article approfondit la vie et les écrits prophétiques de Daniel, révélant des périodes chronologiques vitales pour comprendre des prophéties. Josias, roi de Juda, est décrit comme un serviteur divin dévoué, qui meurt tragiquement en défiant l'Égypte. Daniel, jeune alors, commence son destin prophétique dans ce contexte tumultueux.

    2 Kings 22.18-20 (King James Version) :
    But to the king of Judah which sent you to enquire of the LORD, thus shall ye say to him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, As touching the words which thou hast heard;Because thine heart was tender, and thou hast humbled thyself before the LORD, when thou heardest what I spake against this place, and against the inhabitants thereof, that they should become a desolation and a curse, and hast rent thy clothes, and wept before me; I also have heard thee, saith the LORD.Behold therefore, I will gather thee unto thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered into thy grave in peace; and thine eyes shall not see all the evil which I will bring upon this place. And they brought the king word again.
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Further reading
  • ANN004 The date of birth of Jesus the Messiah

    L'article propose une date de naissance pour Jésus basée sur une analyse des prophéties de Daniel et de l'histoire. La crucifixion aurait eu lieu…

  • ANN012 The Magi from the East in Bethlehem

    L'article se penche sur le récit des mages venus d'Orient pour rendre hommage à Jésus, soulignant l'historicité du récit de Matthieu et la résonance…

  • ANN016 The journey to Egypt

    L'article analyse le voyage en Égypte de la Sainte Famille selon Matthieu, et son absence chez Luc. Il explore les implications théologiques et historiques…

  • ANN042 Travel times

    Cette annexe étudie les moyens et durées de déplacement au premier siècle. À l'époque de Jésus, on voyageait principalement à pied, en caravane ou…

  • ANN046 Technical Requirements of Publishing in the First Century

    Cette annexe explore les contraintes techniques d'édition au premier siècle qui expliquent certaines omissions dans les Évangiles. L'écriture sur papyrus coûteux, le monopole égyptien…

  • ANN081 The fulfilment of the prophecies

    L'article examine comment les prophéties de l'Ancien Testament trouvent leur accomplissement dans la vie de Jésus, en identifiant 24 points marqués par des événements…