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The Tanakh
The Tanakh is the canon of the sacred Scriptures of Judaism, corresponding to the Christian Old Testament. Its name is an acronym formed from its three sections: Torah (Pentateuch), Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings). Written mainly in Hebrew with a few passages in Aramaic, it forms the theological, moral and liturgical foundation of Judaism and the common roots of the Jewish and Christian traditions.
Hosea 1.1 (King James Version) :The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea, the son of Beeri, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel.King James Version (1769), domaine public — texte : eBible.org -
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Difference Between Tanakh, Torah and Hebrew Bible
This article clarifies the distinction between three terms related to the Hebrew Scriptures: the Tanakh refers to the whole Jewish canon (Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim); the Torah is its first section, made up of the five books of Moses (Pentateuch); the Hebrew Bible is simply another name for the Tanakh. The Torah is part of the Tanakh, and the Hebrew Bible and the Tanakh are synonymous.
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INF048
The Codex
The codex is a handwritten book made of leaves bound along one side, a forerunner of the modern book. Appearing in the 1st century AD, it was widely adopted by the early Christians to transmit the Scriptures. More practical and durable than the scroll, it promoted the spread of religious and literary texts. Among the most famous examples are the Codex Sinaiticus, the Codex Vaticanus and the Codex Alexandrinus, manuscripts essential for the textual criticism of the Bible.
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The Codex Sinaiticus
The Codex Sinaiticus is a Greek biblical manuscript dating from the 4th century, discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai by Tischendorf in 1844. It contains the entire New Testament, a large part of the Old Testament in Greek (Septuagint), as well as the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas. An Alexandrian-type text, it is crucial for textual criticism. Divided among the British Library, Saint Petersburg, Leipzig and Sinai, it is fully digitized and can be consulted online.
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Tischendorf's Discovery
In 1844, Constantin von Tischendorf discovered ancient parchments at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai that were destined to be burned. After three journeys, in 1859 he identified and recovered the Codex Sinaiticus, one of the oldest complete manuscripts of the Greek Bible (4th century), containing the Old and New Testaments as well as the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas. This major discovery profoundly influenced biblical textual criticism.
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The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus is a palimpsest manuscript of the 5th century (AD 400-440), discovered by Tischendorf in 1840 and held in the National Library of France. Written in Greek uncial script, it contains portions of the Old and New Testaments and belongs to the Alexandrian family of the biblical text, regarded as close to the originals. It is fundamental for textual criticism and the history of the transmission of the Scriptures.
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INF072
The Textus Receptus
The Textus Receptus is a compilation of the Greek text of the New Testament first published by Erasmus in 1516. Revised by Estienne, Beza and the Elzevir brothers, it served as the basis for major translations such as the King James Bible and Luther's Bible. In the 19th century, the discovery of older manuscripts such as Codex Sinaiticus revealed its limitations. Modern critical editions (Nestle-Aland, UBS) have since replaced it, although it remains an essential historical reference.