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The article explores the life of Augustin Crampon, famous for his translation of the Bible. Ordained a priest in 1851, he studied under Arthur Le Hir and became an expert in biblical languages. His translation, published after his death in 1904, remains a major Catholic reference.

Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus is a palimpsest manuscript of the 5th century (AD 400-440), discovered by Tischendorf in 1840 and held in the National Library of France. Written in Greek uncial script, it contains portions of the Old and New Testaments and belongs to the Alexandrian family of the biblical text, regarded as close to the originals. It is fundamental for textual criticism and the history of the transmission of the Scriptures.

Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

The Codex Claromontanus (Codex Dp or 06) is a bilingual Greek-Latin manuscript of the 6th century containing the epistles of Paul and a stichometric catalogue. Discovered at Clermont-en-Beauvaisis by Theodore Beza, it is held in the National Library of France. Made up of 533 folios, it belongs to the Western text family and is an exceptional witness for textual criticism and the history of the transmission of the Scriptures.

Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate

The Textus Receptus is a compilation of the Greek text of the New Testament first published by Erasmus in 1516. Revised by Estienne, Beza and the Elzevir brothers, it served as the basis for major translations such as the King James Bible and Luther's Bible. In the 19th century, the discovery of older manuscripts such as Codex Sinaiticus revealed its limitations. Modern critical editions (Nestle-Aland, UBS) have since replaced it, although it remains an essential historical reference.

Level: Intermediate Level: Intermediate