The article explores the variety of Gospel presentations of Jesus' warning about the "yeast of the Pharisees", examining cultural and theological differences in Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
5 min
leavenPhariseesSadduceeshypocrisyGospels
1 verse
1 book
Nous avons recueilli ces commentaires sur le site : https://jtpbatiment1.jimdofree.com/. Ce site semble désormais fermé, mais nous avions précédemment noté leurs réserves concernant les Évangiles. Veuillez trouver ci-dessous le Point N°11 CTD069. Nous reproduisons leur question :
"Commentaire: Qu’a-t-il dit réellement ? : Du levain des et des ou du levain des pharisien et du levain d’Hérode."
Notre réponse :
Regardons les textes en question.
11 Comment ne comprenez-vous pas que ce n’est pas de pains que je vous ai parlé ? Méfiez-vous du levain des et des . »
12 Alors ils comprirent que ce n’était pas du levain du pain qu’il leur avait dit de se méfier, mais de l’enseignement des et des .
(Louis Segond translation )
14 Les disciples avaient oublié de prendre des pains ; ils n’en avaient qu’un seul avec eux dans la barque.
15 Jésus leur fit cette recommandation : « Attention, méfiez-vous du levain des et du levain d’Hérode. »
16 Les disciples raisonnaient entre eux [et disaient]: «C’est parce que nous n’avons pas de pains.»
17 Jésus, le sachant, leur dit : « Pourquoi raisonnez-vous sur le fait que vous n’avez pas de pains ? Ne comprenez-vous pas et ne saisissez-vous pas encore ?
18 Avez-vous [encore] le cœur endurci ? Vous avez des yeux et vous ne voyez pas ? Vous avez des oreilles et vous n’entendez pas ? Ne vous rappelez-vous pas ?
19 Quand j’ai rompu les cinq pains pour les 5000 hommes, combien de paniers pleins de morceaux avez-vous emportés ?» « Douze », lui répondirent-ils.
20« Et quand j’ai rompu les sept [pains] pour les 4000 hommes, combien de corbeilles pleines de morceaux avez-vous emportées ?» « Sept », répondirent-ils.
21 Et il leur dit : « [Comment] se fait-il que vous ne compreniez pas [encore] ?»
(Louis Segond translation )
Nous souhaitons examiner les autres documents pertinents liés à cet événement afin de mieux comprendre les circonstances. Nous estimons que chaque auteur apporte une perspective unique et que la synthèse des différents témoignages nous offre une vision plus exhaustive et précise.
1 Pendant ce temps, les gens s’étaient rassemblés par milliers, au point de s’écraser les uns les autres. Jésus se mit à dire à ses disciples : « Avant tout, méfiez-vous du levain des , qui est l’hypocrisie.
(Louis Segond translation )
L'apôtre Jean n'aborde pas ce sujet.
Notre analyse :
Nous rencontrons à plusieurs reprises le problème du manque d'information. Il est évident que les déclarations rapportées par Matthieu et Marc sont issues d'un entretien où Jésus a approfondi le thème du prophète Jonas. Étant donné la nature de leur travail, Matthieu et Marc n'ont pas pu retranscrire l'intégralité de cette présentation. Ils ont sélectionné les éléments qu'ils considéraient les plus pertinents pour étayer leurs arguments.
Par ailleurs, Matthieu s’adressait à un public juif familier des prophètes, tandis que Marc s'adressait à des Grecs méconnaissant l’histoire juive.
Il n'y a donc aucune difficulté à ce sujet ; chaque auteur a rapporté les paroles du Maître selon son propre objectif, mais toutes ont bien été prononcées par le Messie Jésus.
Marc rapporte essentiellement le même message que Matthieu. Le Messie Jésus est présenté non pas comme quelqu'un qui accomplit des miracles sur demande, mais comme le Fils de Dieu venu annoncer le royaume des cieux. Marc reprend les paroles de Matthieu en omettant toute référence au prophète Jonas, lequel n'était probablement pas connu de ses auditeurs grecs.
Par ailleurs, nous pouvons appliquer le même principe lorsque Matthieu mentionne à la fois les et les , alors que Marc ne précise que le groupe prédominant, les .
Luc rapporte le même événement en présentant Jésus parlant à la foule. C’est l’intervention d’une femme qui provoque les paroles de Jésus (Luke 11.27-28). Il est clair que le Messie Jésus était assailli de questions et que des personnes dans la foule exprimaient des avis ou posaient des questions.
L'ambiance n'est pas celle d’un exposé académique avec des participants passifs. Ainsi, lorsque Matthieu mentionne les et les , alors que Marc ne parle que des et que Luc relève l’observation d’une femme, cela ne doit pas surprendre. De nombreuses personnes saisissaient ces occasions pour s'exprimer.
A title, a person, a place, a reference (“Luke 15”)…
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Bible reference
INF082
Information note
INF082 - The Segond 21 Bible (S21)
The Segond 21 Bible (S21)
The Segond 21. Here is some key information about this version:
Background and aims
Publication date: 2007 Modernisation: The Segond 21 aims to modernise the language of Louis Segond's translation while remaining highly faithful to the original Hebrew and Greek texts. Clarity and accessibility: The emphasis is on making the text clear and accessible to contemporary readers.
Main features
Faithfulness to the original texts: The Segond 21 draws on the most reliable ancient manuscripts to ensure an accurate and faithful translation. Linguistic revision: The language was revised to reflect modern French usage better while preserving the richness and depth of the biblical text. Notes and references: The version often includes explanatory notes and references to help readers understand and study Scripture.
Importance
Widespread use: The Segond 21 is widely used in French-speaking Protestant circles, particularly for Bible study and personal reading. Accessibility: Its modernised language makes it accessible to a wider audience, including new generations of readers.
The Segond 21 was produced by a multidisciplinary team of translators, linguists and theologians and took approximately twelve years of work to complete.
These revisions show how Louis Segond's translation has evolved to adapt to linguistic changes and readers' needs over time.
INF001
Information note
INF001 - Sadducees
The Sadducees
The Sadducees were an important religious and political group in ancient Judaism. Here are some key points about them:
Origins and history
Origins: The name "Sadducee" probably derives from Zadok, a high priest in the time of David and Solomon. They came mainly from the priestly aristocracy. Period: They were active from about 200 BC to AD 70, until the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by the Romans. Influence: The Sadducees had great influence over worship and liturgy at the Temple of Jerusalem. They controlled the Sanhedrin, the supreme Jewish council.
Beliefs and practices
Sacred texts: They focused solely on the written law, the Pentateuch, and rejected the oral traditions adopted by the Pharisees. Resurrection: Unlike the Pharisees and the Essenes, the Sadducees denied the resurrection of the dead and the immortality of the soul. Temple rites: They were responsible for the rites of the Temple, including the sacrifices and the pilgrimage festivals.
Oppositions
Pharisees: The Sadducees were in total opposition to the Pharisees, particularly on theological questions such as the resurrection. Zealots: They were also in conflict with the Zealots and the Sicarii, who regarded them as collaborators with the Romans.
The Sadducees left a lasting mark on the history of Judaism and are often mentioned in the New Testament, notably in the Acts of the Apostles and the Gospels.
The Sadducees in the Bible
The Sadducees were an important branch of Judaism. We find them fifteen times in the New Testament, ten in the Gospels and five in the Acts of the Apostles.
Five times, the authors of the Synoptic Gospels name them together with the Pharisees. The doctrine of Judaism always comes up in their discussions with the Messiah Jesus, who never rebukes them.
We find no tension in their relations with the Messiah Jesus, as is regularly the case with the Pharisees. They control the administration and worship of the temple and remain distant from the people. They readily strike deals with the Roman occupier who, in return, grants them considerable influence within the Sanhedrin.
Its members come mainly from the aristocratic or priestly class. They recognize only the writings of the Hebrew Bible.
They do not believe in the resurrection of the dead. They envisage no form of life after death. According to them, angels do not exist. The Apostle Paul would denounce all these errors at his trial (Acts 23.6).
Caiaphas and Anna, the Chief Priests who condemn Jesus, belonged to this Sadducean movement.
INF002
Information note
INF002 - The Pharisees
The Pharisees
The Pharisees were an important religious and social group in ancient Judaism, particularly during the Second Temple period. Here are some key points about them:
Origins and history
Origins: The Pharisees emerged as a distinct group after the Maccabean revolt, around 165-160 BC. They were often regarded as the spiritual descendants of the Hasideans.
Period: They flourished until the destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70. After that date, their teachings formed the basis of what became rabbinic Judaism.
Beliefs and practices
Sacred Texts: Unlike the Sadducees, who focused solely on the written law (the Pentateuch), the Pharisees believed in both a written law and an oral law (the oral Torah). Resurrection: The Pharisees believed in the resurrection of the dead and in the immortality of the soul. Rites and Laws: They stressed the importance of oral traditions and of interpretations adapted to contemporary circumstances.
Influence and Legacy Influence: The Pharisees had a great influence on Jewish liturgy and religious practice. Their teachings were incorporated into the Mishnah, a compilation of the Jewish oral tradition, around AD 200. Legacy: After the destruction of the Second Temple, the teachings of the Pharisees formed the basis of rabbinic Judaism, which continues to influence modern Judaism.
The Pharisees are often mentioned in the New Testament, notably in the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, where they are frequently in conflict with Jesus and the other religious figures of the time.
The Pharisees in the Bible
They are the most representative group of Judaism. Its members, drawn from the people, oppose compromise with the Roman invader, but also with Hellenism. We see them as closer to the population than the Sadducees.
They are mentioned one hundred and three times in the New Testament, ninety-three times in the Gospels, nine times in the Acts of the Apostles and once in the Epistle to the Philippians.
Their relations with the Messiah Jesus frequently appear tense and conflictual. He rebukes them at times in violent terms, such as “woe to you” and “hypocrites”, which clearly shows this opposition. They do not have access to positions of high responsibility, controlled by the Romans and therefore reserved for Sadducees sympathetic to Rome, but they form the largest group in the Sanhedrin.
They regard themselves as the great defenders of the law of Moses, on which they comment. Their interpretation becomes the rule for the people to follow. The Messiah Jesus condemns these excesses on various occasions (Matthew 23.13-29).
They often disagree with their colleagues, the Sadducees, on points of doctrine such as eternal life or angels. To the written Law of Moses they added oral principles, which allow them to get around its prescriptions. Jesus does not fail to point this out (Matthew 23.23).
Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea belonged to this political and religious group, which did not prevent them from converting to Christianity.