REP001

The date of the crucifixion

A reader has raised a question with us about the date of the death of Jesus the Messiah...

28 min 28 verses 9 books

Further information

Introduction

This answer draws on our entire series devoted to the chronology of the life of Jesus the Messiah, established in particular from the prophecy of Daniel’s seventy weeks (Daniel 9.24-27).
The full demonstration of our thesis concerning the date of the Messiah’s death is developed there in detail, through eight complementary studies that bring together biblical, historical and calendar data.
To avoid lengthy repetition, this argument will therefore not be repeated in full in the present answer.

A reader has raised a question with us about the date of the death of Jesus the Messiah. In study ANN045 (Debate over the date of Jesus’ death), we had established that two dates remained possible for the crucifixion: April 7, AD 30 and April 1, AD 33.

Relying on the fulfillment of the prophecy of the seventy weeks (Daniel 9.24-27), we concluded that the year 33, and more precisely the beginning of April, best matched the scriptural data. The Chronology category, accessible from the site’s home page, sets out our thesis in detail and also presents the divergent proposals.

Alain, for his part, defends the thesis of a crucifixion in April AD 30. He raises two points of disagreement: the first concerns the year, the second the precise day. He thus proposes the date of Wednesday, April 5, AD 30 and puts forward an argument that we will examine and set against our own analysis. Some of his arguments had escaped us; we will therefore undertake further research on these new elements.

I. Our argument

The Chronology category brings together nine complementary studies that set out the fruit of our investigations. We did not adopt the thesis of another researcher, but carried out our own research in the specialized literature and on the Internet before reaching our conclusions. We cannot reproduce here the entirety of these demonstrations, which remain freely and easily accessible on our site.

We simply wish to stress that the choice of April 1, AD 33 as the date of the death of Jesus the Messiah is not a reckless claim, but the result of methodical work. As Scripture reminds us, “test all things; hold fast what is good” (1 Thessalonians 5.21): it is in this spirit that we conducted our inquiry.

We also pointed out that the date of April 7, AD 30 remained an admissible hypothesis. However, our detailed analysis led us to observe that the option of the year 33 makes it possible to validate all the information provided by the Gospels and by the book of Daniel, which is not the case for the year 30.

In particular, the calculation of the sixty-nine weeks of years (Daniel 9.25) leads more naturally to AD 33 when one takes as the starting point the decree of Artaxerxes mentioned in Ezra 7.11-26.

The most delicate point was to show that, according to Flavius Josephus, the death of King Herod — often dated by specialists to 4 BC — could also be placed in 1 BC. This latter hypothesis, though a minority one, remains defensible and just as credible from a historiographical standpoint.

II. Alain’s argument

We reproduce below the text we received Alain, whom we thank for his contribution.

“The Babylonian Talmud (Sefer Moed, tractate Yoma 39b) says that during the last forty years before the destruction of the temple, the piece of red cloth, examined on the day of
Atonement, never again turned white, contrary to what used to happen before.

The second temple, renovated and enlarged by Herod, was destroyed by the soldiers of the general Titus on the 9th of the month of Av of the Jewish year 3830, that is, August 4, AD 70 according to the Julian calendar: the Day of Atonement, scheduled for 10 Tishri 3831, that is, two months later, obviously could not take place; it follows that it is the Yom HaKippurim of the years 30 to 69 that did not proceed normally.

The incident reported by the rabbis proves that the Lord Yeshua was crucified in the spring of AD 30, and precisely on Wednesday, April 5 (14 Aviv 3790). Since our
Messiah began His ministry, according to Luke 3:23, at about thirty years of age (the age at which Levites entered service, according to Numbers 4) and it lasted three and a half years, this leads us to consider that His birth took place at the beginning of the Jewish year 3757 (that is, in the year -5).”

III. A brief clarification on the Sefer Moed, tractate Yoma 39b

The Sefer Moed (“Book of Festivals”), which Alain cites, is one of the six great orders of the Mishnah, the foundational compilation of Jewish rabbinic tradition, written around the 2nd century.

This order deals mainly with the , the Jewish festivals and the associated worship.

The tractate Yoma belongs to the Sefer Moed.

The word Yoma simply means “the Day,” that is, the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), the most solemn festival of the Jewish calendar. Yom Kippur is celebrated on 10 Tishri of the Hebrew calendar (September or October), that is, the tenth day of the seventh religious month.

The expression Yoma 39b therefore designates:

  • the tractate: Yoma
  • the folio/page: 39
  • the side: b (Talmudic recto/verso: a = first side, b = second side)

In other words: Talmud, tractate Yoma, page 39b.

This passage is particularly well known in Christian studies because it reports several extraordinary phenomena that are said to have ceased about forty years before the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in AD 70. Some Christian apologists see in it a parallel with the death of Jesus the Messiah around AD 30/33.

The text mentions in particular:

  • the lot drawn for the that no longer came up favorably,
  • the scarlet thread that no longer turned white,
  • the western lamp of the lampstand that went out,
  • the doors of the Temple that opened by themselves.

These events are interpreted in Jewish tradition as disturbing spiritual signs concerning the Temple and the forgiveness of sins.

IV. Analysis of Alain’s thesis

Alain bases his argument on a passage of the Babylonian Talmud (tractate Yoma 39b) which mentions that during the last forty years before the destruction of the Temple, the piece of scarlet cloth — examined at Yom Kippur — no longer turned white, unlike the earlier period. By subtracting forty years from the date of the destruction of the Temple (AD 70), Alain arrives at the year 30 as the year of the crucifixion. He deduces from this that Jesus died on Wednesday, April 5, AD 30, that is, 14 Aviv 3790 according to the Hebrew calendar.

To complete his chronology, Alain relies on Luke 3.23, which indicates that Jesus was “about thirty years old” at the beginning of his ministry — the age corresponding to the Levites’ entry into service according to Numbers 4.3. Postulating a ministry of three and a half years, he places the birth of Jesus at the beginning of the Jewish year 3757, that is, in 5 BC.

This thesis shows an apparent internal consistency and relies on rabbinic sources rarely drawn upon in this debate. However, it raises several major difficulties, astronomical as well as calendrical and historical.

V. Restoring the historical and astronomical data

The astronomical impossibility of Wednesday, April 5, AD 30

Modern astronomical calculations (NASA, Dershowitz & Reingold, specialized software) establish with certainty the following data for the year AD 30:

Data Value
Astronomical new moon March 23, AD 30
Visibility of the crescent in Jerusalem evening of March 24 or 25
1 Nisan March 25 or 26
14 Nisan April 7 or 8
Day of the week of 14 Nisan Friday (April 7)

April 5, AD 30 therefore corresponds to 11 or 12 Nisan — and not to the 14 Nisan required for the Passover (Exodus 12.6). Moreover, this day falls on a Wednesday, whereas the Gospels unanimously place the crucifixion on a Friday, the eve of the (John 19.31; Mark 15.42).

The date proposed by Alain thus combines two impossibilities: it matches neither the right day of the Hebrew month, nor the right day of the week.

The reliability of the Talmudic testimony

The passage of Yoma 39b, written several centuries after the events it mentions, belongs more to a haggadic account (the narrative, symbolic and explanatory part of rabbinic Jewish tradition.), with a theological scope, than to a strictly verifiable historical testimony. The rabbis there interpret retrospectively certain signs presented as heralding the divine disfavor that preceded the destruction of the Temple. Under these conditions, establishing a precise chronology from this text alone, without confirmation from independent contemporary sources, appears methodologically fragile.

Moreover, even granting the historicity of this prodigy, the calculation of the “forty years” leads to the autumn of AD 30 (date of Yom Kippur) and not to the spring of that same year. The first “abnormal” Yom Kippur would have taken place in Tishri 30, that is, after the Passover of AD 30 — which, paradoxically, invalidates the thesis of a crucifixion in the spring of 30.

The Gospel synchronisms favor AD 33

Luke dates the beginning of John the Baptist’s ministry to “the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar” (Luke 3.1), that is, AD 28-29. Adding the duration of John’s ministry, then the three Passovers mentioned in the Gospel of John (John 2.13; John 6.4; John 11.55) — which suggest a ministry of Jesus of about three years —, one naturally arrives at the Passover of AD 33. That year, 14 Nisan fell on Friday, April 3 (Julian calendar), in perfect agreement with the astronomical data and the Gospel account.

In sum, while Alain’s approach reflects sincere reflection and a commendable interest in rabbinic sources, the astronomical data and the scriptural synchronisms converge toward another conclusion: the crucifixion of Jesus the Messiah most probably took place on Friday, April 3, AD 33 (Julian calendar), and not on Wednesday, April 5, AD 30.

VI. Additional points in favor of April 1, AD 33

Wednesday, April 5, AD 30 seems hard to reconcile with several important chronological elements:

The governorship of Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilate served as prefect of Judea from AD 26 to 36. If Jesus had died on April 5, AD 30, that would imply a public ministry that began very early, probably around 27-28. Yet according to (Luke 3.1-2), John the Baptist begins his ministry during the fifteenth year of Tiberius’ reign, generally placed in 28-29. A crucifixion as early as April AD 30 considerably reduces the time needed for the development of John’s ministry and then of Jesus’.

The career of Caiaphas

Caiaphas was high priest from AD 18 to 36. April 5, AD 30 therefore remains technically compatible with his pontificate. However, the Gospels present Caiaphas as a figure firmly established in his religious authority (John 11.49-53), which fits better with a slightly later period.

The duration of John the Baptist’s ministry

The Gospel accounts suggest that John the Baptist exercised his ministry long enough to gain great renown among the people and to attract the attention of the religious authorities (Matthew 3.5-6; Luke 3.15). A crucifixion in April AD 30 tends to compress this period considerably.

The Lukan synchronisms

Luke places the beginning of John the Baptist’s ministry in “the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar” (Luke 3.1). According to the method of calculation generally adopted, this indication leads to around AD 28-29. If one then adds John’s ministry and the various Passovers mentioned in the Gospel of John, which seem to indicate a public ministry of about three years, the year 33 appears more natural than the year 30.

The astronomical data concerning 14 Nisan

14 Nisan corresponds to the full moon preceding the Jewish Passover. Modern astronomical calculations make it possible to identify the possible dates of a 14 Nisan falling on a Friday, in accordance with the Gospel accounts (John 19.31). For the year AD 30, 14 Nisan generally corresponds to Friday, April 7 and not to Wednesday, April 5. This latter date therefore does not seem compatible with the Jewish calendar framework usually accepted.

Taken together, these various elements make the date of Wednesday, April 5, AD 30 hard to sustain against the hypothesis of Friday, April 1, AD 33, which harmonizes more naturally with all the scriptural, historical and astronomical data.

_ It should also be recalled that the Jewish calendar of the 1st century was essentially observational and not calculated in advance:

  • the beginning of the month depended on the actual observation of the first lunar crescent;
  • the intercalation of months took into account the ripening state of the barley (aviv).

Under these conditions, it seems difficult to reconstruct with absolute certainty a precise 14 Nisan relying solely on the fixed rabbinic calendar established several centuries later.

For all these reasons, Yoma 39b does not seem to us a methodologically sufficient basis for establishing a precise date of the crucifixion, still less that of April 5, AD 30.

By contrast, the date of Friday, April 1, AD 33 seems to meet the various constraints far more coherently:

  • a plausible 14 Nisan,
  • a Friday,
  • a lunar configuration compatible with the observations at Jerusalem,
  • consistency with the data concerning Pontius Pilate, Caiaphas and Tiberius,
  • as well as with the various Passovers mentioned in the Gospel of John.

However, in the current state of our analysis, the interpretation of Yoma 39b that you propose does not seem to us to allow the date of April 5, AD 30 to be anchored historically. The symbolism of the “forty years” does not seem to us a chronological tool precise enough to establish such a dating.

Conclusion

Alain’s proposal, although particularly well documented and based on serious reflection on tractate Yoma 39b, does not seem to us coherent enough to establish with certainty a precise date for the crucifixion of Jesus the Messiah. The late and theological character of this rabbinic source, combined with the absence of explicit confirmation by independent contemporary testimonies, makes its chronological use delicate.

Moreover, the date of Wednesday, April 5, AD 30 runs into difficulty with several important indications of the Gospels. The texts state in fact that Jesus was crucified on the eve of a particularly solemn connected with the feast of Passover (John 19.14; John 19.31; Mark 15.42; Luke 23.54). The available calendar and astronomical data do not allow us to naturally associate Wednesday, April 5, AD 30 with a 14 Nisan compatible with these accounts.

This hypothesis also seems hard to reconcile with the synchronisms provided by Luke concerning the ministry of John the Baptist and that of Jesus (Luke 3.1-3), as well as with the various Passovers mentioned in the Gospel of John (John 2.13; John 6.4; John 11.55), which suggest a public ministry longer than a mere period of about one year.

Under these conditions, we therefore cannot adopt the proposal defended by Alain. We nevertheless invite readers to examine for themselves the various studies we devote to the chronology of the life of Jesus the Messiah. All of this work seeks to offer a harmonized reconstruction of the biblical, historical and astronomical data, with the aim of demonstrating the coherence of the Gospel accounts and the historical soundness of their chronological indications.

You can consult the following study: ANN045 : The debate over the date of Jesus’ death.